Minor losses from a pipe with different diameters and multiple outlets

Abdul Karim, Umi Aisha (2017) Minor losses from a pipe with different diameters and multiple outlets. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

Text lp FK 2017 50.pdf Download (7MB)

Abstract

A pipe that permits water passage with multiple outlets distributed along the pipe centerline and consists of dead end is known as manifold. Manifolds are used to distribute and also to collect fluids for various engineering applications especially in water supply. While the water is transported along the manifold, there will be losses occurred, that is known as head loss which is divided into major and minor loss. Major loss is due to friction loss while minor loss is due to various piping components along the pipe. In this study, a physical model to demonstrate the manifold was designed, fabricated and installed in order to assess the variations of minor losses and discharge of each outlet along the manifold. The manifold was made of Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC) since it has common use in the water supply systems. From data analysis, it is found that the outlet spacing and area ratio are factors that affect the minor loss for multiple outlets pipe. There is a relationship between minor loss, pipe diameter and various fittings throughout the manifold. The pressure along manifold with outlets is decreased thus produces maximum minor loss at the last outlet before the dead end manifold. For a pipe without outlet, the pressure along manifold increases towards the dead end due to Bernoulli's effect and there is no energy loss due to constant water pressure before and after each outlet. A larger area ratio pipe has better uniformity in a multiple outlets pipe with uniformity coefficient approximately equals to 1.0. The water temperature recorded is useful to determine the kinematic viscosity as to calculate the Reynolds number, Re. The flow needs to be in complete turbulence condition as to validate the formula used to calculate the theoretical k and compared with the experimental k.

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Engineering
Depositing User:	Ms Siti Mariam Giman
Date Deposited:	25 Oct 2023 01:58
Last Modified:	25 Oct 2023 01:58
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/1572

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