Lead concentration in freshwater fish and health risk assessment among adults in two areas at Kluang, Johor

Marzuki, Ana Mardhiah (2013) Lead concentration in freshwater fish and health risk assessment among adults in two areas at Kluang, Johor. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Level of heavy metals in water ecosystem has been intensively studied during recent years as these hazardous substances could be accumulated in the biota. Generally, the presence of contaminants in fish is a result of human activities such as industrial and agricultural wastes. Objective: This research was aimed to determine the lead concentration in freshwater fishes in a polluted river (Sembrong River) and a less polluted river (Kahang River) as well as to assess the health risk among the respondents who consumed fishes from both rivers. Materials and method: This is a cross-sectional comparison study which involved 30 respondents from each Kampung Sedohok and Kampung Punjut who were randomly selected based on inclusion criteria. A set of questionnaire was used to obtain socio-demographic information, freshwater fish intake and health status of respondents. Three species of freshwater fish namely Leotobarbus hoevani (Ikan jelawat), Osteochilus Hassleti (Ikan Terbol) and Puntius Javanicus (Ikan Lampam Jawa) were caught from both rivers based on the response from food frequency questionnaire within the sampling area. The samples were extracted by wet acid digestion method and analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) to detect lead concentration from each sampling points. The health risk assessment of the respondents was indicated by the average daily dose (ADD), PTWI and hazard quotient (HQ). Result: The range of lead in the samples was 0.496 to 7.200 mg/kg. Samples collected from Sembrong River showed higher lead concentration (3.229±3.35mg/kg) in which it exceeded the permitted level of Malaysia Food Regulations 1985 (2.0 mg/kg) compared to Kahang River (0.997±0.498mglkg). The health risk assessment showed an acceptable risk for both ADD and HQ for both areas, but higher for Kampung Sedohok. There was a significant relationship between frequency intake of freshwater fish and health risk assessment encountered by the respondents from Kampung Sedohok (p < 0.0001, r = 0.805). Conclusion: Lead was detected in all samples. Fish sampled from Sembrong River (polluted area) showed higher lead concentration compared to Kahang River (less polluted area). However, the concentration is still under an acceptable risk and it indicates no health risk to respondents (HQ < 1). A good nutritional intake of foods enriched with vitamins, iron and calcium that can help in decreasing the susceptibility of lead intoxication in human body is recommended to be practiced by the respondents. Key words: Lead concentration, Freshwater fish, ADD, HQ, PTWI, Kluang and ICP-MS.

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Mr Muhamad Fazril Awang
Date Deposited:	22 Nov 2022 06:42
Last Modified:	22 Aug 2023 04:22
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/158

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