Determination of fluoride in drinking water and urine among secondary school children in SMK Aminuddin Baki, Kuala Lumpur

Zulkarnain, Ahmad Solihin (2017) Determination of fluoride in drinking water and urine among secondary school children in SMK Aminuddin Baki, Kuala Lumpur. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Fluorine is the lightest member of the halogen group and is one of the most reactive of all chemical elements. In drinking water: fluoride can either be naturally present due to the specific geological environment from which the water is obtained, or artificially added for the prevention of dental caries. Fluoride is added into finished drinking water as a measure to control and eradicate dental caries. On the other hand, fluoride is known to have significant adverse effect if the levels are higher than the maximum allowable limit. The most common symptom of excessive fluoride effect is dental fluorosis. With exposure to high levels of fluoride, skeletal fluorosis may result. Objectives: To determine fluoride levels in drinking water and urine among 14 years old school children in SMK Aminuddin Baki, Kuala Lumpur. Methodology: This study has been conducted among students at SMK Aminuddin Baki, Kuala Lumpur. A total of 40 respondents were chosen based on the inclusive and exclusive criteria. Drinking water samples were taken from each of the respondent's house, while urine samples were obtained from the respondents The samples were analyzed using a direct reading spectrophotometer (HACH brand DR 1900) and a set questionnaire was used to obtain socio demographic information. Results and Discussion: The mean fluoride level in drinking water was 0.3543 (± SD 0.09798) mg/L. For urinary fluoride level, the mean value was 1.5643 (± SD 0.23878) mg/L. It was found that fluoride level in drinking water and urine has not exceeded the standard. There was no significant difference in urinary fluoride levels between male and female respondents (p = 0.312) and no significant differences between fluoride in drinking water and urinary fluoride (p = 0.325). It can be conclude that water is not the main contributor to the urinary fluoride (p = 0.316). Conclusion: All respondents were exposed to lower levels of fluoride in drinking water and excreted normal level of urinary fluoride. Keywords: Fluoride, Dental caries, Adverse effects, Drinking water, Urine, Dental fluorosis, Skeletal fluorosis.

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	19 Feb 2024 08:09
Last Modified:	19 Feb 2024 08:09
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/1615

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