Mat Yusof, Muhammad Azri (2019) Contamination of nitrate in groundwater and evaluation of health risk in Kampung Keting, Bachok, Kelantan: a cross-sectional study. [Project Paper] (Submitted)
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Abstract
Introduction: Nitrate is one of the compounds of nitrogen that is formed in the nitrogen cycle from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Most of rural areas in Kelantan still depend on well water as their primary water source. Their main economic activity is agriculture which uses high amounts of nitrate fertilizer to nurture their crops. The increased use of nitrate fertilizers is risk factor associated to health problems such as methemoglobinemia and cancers. Health risk assessment can be conducted to quantify the probability of harmful effects of nitrate to individuals or populations from certain human activities. Objectives: To determine levels of nitrate in groundwater and to perform health risk assessment among respondents in Kampung Keting, Bachok, Kelantan. Methodology: A total of 4 7 respondents were chosen based on inclusive and exclusive criteria and groundwater samples were collected from each of the respondent's houses. The samples were then analyzed by using a portable Hanna Instrument multimeter model HI98 l 91 and probe model HI4 l l 3 (manufactured in USA), while a set of questionnaires were distributed among respondents to gather information for health risk assessment of the exposure. Result and Discussion: The result obtained shows that nitrate levels in groundwater did not exceed the maximum acceptable value of Drinking Water Quality Standard (44.3 ppm nitrate - NO3) with a mean± sd of 5.34 ± 4.94 (ppm). Spearman's rho correlation analysis shows that only depth of well (meter) is correlated (r = - 0.348) to nitrate levels (p<0.05). The Hazard Index (HI) for the study population was less than 1. Conclusion: This study conclude that the groundwater analyzed in the study area was considered safe for drinking and cooking purposes. The result for Ill indicated that the non-carcinogenic risk related to nitrate was not significant to the study population. However, nitrate levels in drinking water should be concerned by the consumers as it will give bad health impact to them in long-term exposures. Keywords: Nitrate, groundwater, maximum acceptable value, hazard index.
| Item Type: | Project Paper |
|---|---|
| Faculty: | Faculty of Medicine and Health Science |
| Depositing User: | Ms Norafizah Radzuan |
| Date Deposited: | 27 Nov 2024 03:13 |
| Last Modified: | 27 Nov 2024 03:13 |
| URI: | http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2269 |
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