Evaluation of mutagenic activities in Malaysian fish sausages (keropok lekor) manufactured from Kemaman, Terengganu using Ames test

Engku Shahrunizad, Engku Puteri Nurfaranajieha (2024) Evaluation of mutagenic activities in Malaysian fish sausages (keropok lekor) manufactured from Kemaman, Terengganu using Ames test. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Mutagenic substances can be found in food and their occurrence is highly linked to the ingredients used and/or employed cooking methods. Keropok lekor is one of the highest consumed snacks among community in the East Coast of Malaysia. Keropok lekor could potentially come into contact with mutagenic substances, either present in its ingredients or originating from the cooking environment. Objectives: This study aimed to quantify the keropok lekor intake among community in Kemaman, Terengganu and to investigate the potential mutagenic effects of keropok lekor samples (keropok lekor rebus and keropok lekor goreng) manufactured from Kemaman using Ames Test. Methodology: A set of food frequency questionnaire was administered to the community in Kemaman to evaluate the keropok lekor intake. Two types of keropok lekor (keropok lekor rebus and keropok lekor goreng) were randomly sampled and extracted using solvent extraction method. Extracts were tested using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100. The Ames test was performed incorporating three different samples concentration (4mg/mL, 2mg/mL and 1mg/mL). Results and Discussion: A total of 260 respondents participated in this study and majority of the respondents consumed keropok lekor once a day. Total intake of keropok lekor among population ranged from 1.6 g/day to 229.0 g/day for keropok lekor rebus and 2.2 g/day to 306.0 g/day for keropok lekor goreng. Based on Ames test, both keropok lekor extracts showed a linear dose-response curves. Keropok lekor goreng was found to be mutagenic at 4 mg/ml when tested with TA 100 without presence of metabolic activation S9 (p<0.05). However, no mutagenic activities were showed at other concentrations when tested with both TA 98 and TA 100 in the presence and absence of S9 metabolic activation as the number of revertant colonies observed did not exceed twice the value of solvent control. It was predicted that number of revertant at maximum intake of 306.0 g/day will induce positive mutagenic activities on both frameshift and base-pair substitution mutation. Conclusion: A significant difference was observed for the concentration of samples in predicting the number of revertant colonies formed when tested with TA 98 and TA 100 inducing a dose-response relationship. Keropok lekor goreng showed a positive direct-acting mutagen causing base-pair substitution mutation at highest concentration. However, most of the keropok lekor sample did not possessed mutagenicity effects. Nevertheless, regulatory bodies should implement routine inspections of the keropok lekor preparation process among small and medium-sized enterprises vendors to ensure adherence to standards and minimize potential exposure of ingredients to mutagenic sources. Keywords: Mutagenicity, keropok lekor, Ames test, Salmonella typhimurium, mutation

Item Type:	Project Paper
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	29 Apr 2025 04:00
Last Modified:	16 Oct 2025 02:03
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2375

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