The impact of PM2.5 exposure on the cytotoxicity in human lung cells in industrial area of Jenjarom, Kuala Langat Selangor

Norhelmey, Syafiah Wajihah (2024) The impact of PM2.5 exposure on the cytotoxicity in human lung cells in industrial area of Jenjarom, Kuala Langat Selangor. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Industrial emission is known to be a predominant source of atmospheric PM2.5. Exposure to particulate matter (PM) elicits numerous air pollution issues and has been linked to multiple health repercussions in humans. Objective: To assess the effect of different concentrations of PM2.5 on the cytotoxicity in human lung cells (MRC-5). Method: PM2.5 samples were collected daily from both industrial (n=12) and non-industrial (n=12) areas in Jenjarom, Kuala Langat Selangor for 24 days. Quartz fibre filters (QFFs) were pre-baked in a muffle furnace at 450°C for 4 hours prior to field sampling and fitted in a mini-volume BGI Omni™ FT Ambient Air Sampler (Mesa Labs, Butler, NJ USA) at a flow rate of 5 L/min. Methanol extraction was utilised prior to further analysis. Finally, an MTT assay was carried out to determine the cytotoxicity of different PM2.5 concentrations to the MRC-5 cell line representing human lung cells. Real-time PM2.5 measurements using Purple Air PA-II-SD were conducted simultaneously during the sampling campaign. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health effects of PM2.5 exposure to the residents of Jenjarom living within an industrial area and non-industrial areas were calculated using health risk assessment methods. Result: PM2.5 mass concentrations from industrial areas (36.2 μg/m3 ± 9.7) are observed to be approximately two times higher than non-industrial areas (20.4 μg/m3 ± 11.7) and exceeding the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommended levels. PM2.5 mass concentrations from industrial areas have also transcended the PM2.5 national air quality standard for 24 hours established by the US EPA (35 μg/m3). The temperature and relative humidity during the sampling campaign for industrial area and non-industrial area were recorded to be 27.6°C ± 0.6 and 83.9% ± 3.1, and 27.4°C ± 0.7 and 85.5% ± 3.9 respectively. Our results show that the daily average of PM2.5 concentrations ranged between 23.0 μg/m3 and 35.4 μg/m3 observed in the industrial area and 14.3 μg/m3 and 31.5 μg/m3 in the non-industrial area respectively. Health Risk Assessment (HRA) shows that the Average Daily Dose (ADD) for children and adults in industrial areas are higher compared to those in non-industrial areas. Findings also indicate a low risk of developing non-carcinogenic health effects (HQ<1) and insignificant cancer risk of less than 1 x 10-6. Additionally, the number of cell deaths is higher from the exposure to non-industrial PM2.5 with significant cytotoxicity induced at 1000 μg/ml Conclusion: This study found that there is no significant risk of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects to the residents of Jenjarom. The limitation of this study is that the sampling campaign was conducted during the raining season and there is a limited number of samples to be thoroughly analysed. Risk identification and management strategies are vital to minimize the probability of disease occurrence in the community. Therefore, strict regulations on industrial emissions and early preventative measures by the local government’s health sectors are needed to protect the residents from severe health repercussions. Keywords: Particulate matter (PM2.5); Industrial activities; Health Risk; Hazard Quotient (HQ); Cancer risk

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	30 Apr 2025 00:55
Last Modified:	30 Apr 2025 00:55
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2389

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