Fluoride in drinking water and urine: a cross-sectional study among school children in Kuala Kubu Bharu, Hulu Selangor

Idrus, Khairin Nabila (2018) Fluoride in drinking water and urine: a cross-sectional study among school children in Kuala Kubu Bharu, Hulu Selangor. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Fluoride naturally contained in all natural waters at different amounts. Fluoride in groundwater is usually about 1 ppm while in rivers and lakes, fluoride concentration is less than 0.5 ppm. Numerous countries have added fluoride in drinking water with the main purpose to avoid tooth decay by giving continuous and consistent contact with low amounts of fluoride. Water fluoridation is the most practical strategy for conveying fluoride to the community and decreasing tooth decay by 25% in children and grown-ups (CDC., 2016). Objective: The aims of this study were to determine the levels of fluoride in drinking water and levels of urinary fluoride, to determine whether fluoride in both drinking water and urine are under the acceptable range stated by National Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) and NIOSH Method 8308 respectively, to determine significant different in urinary fluoride between male and female respondents, and to determine relationship between fluoride levels in drinking water and urinary fluoride among respondents. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 14 years old at a selected school in Kuala Kubu Bharu, Hulu Selangor. They were selected based on several criteria, then a briefing was given to selected respondents before distribute a set of questionnaire. After obtaining parents' permission, a set of high-density polyethylene bottle (HOPE) and plastic bottle for drinking water and urine samples respectively for 2 consecutive days. Both samples were immediately analyzed using a HACH Brand Direct Reading Spectrophotometer model DR/ 1900. Method 8029 was accepted by the EPA for reporting of drinking water and wastewater analysis purposes. Results: Fluoride levels in drinking water ranges between 0.41 - 0.59 ppm with a median of 0.46 (±0.04) while urinary fluoride, which was normally distributed, ranges between 0.45 - 2.29 ppm with a mean 1.48 {±0.43). There was no significant difference in urinary fluoride between male and female respondents (p<0.05). There was no significant relationship between fluoride levels in drinking water and urinary fluoride levels among respondents (p<0.05). The median value fluoride in drinking water obtained was 0.46 which still in the range of NDWQS standards. Urinary fluoride was within the range stated by NIOSH Conclusion: It was found that levels of fluoride in both drinking water and urine were within safe limit. Keywords: Fluoride, drinking water, urinary fluoride, Kuala Kubu Bharu

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	26 May 2025 07:32
Last Modified:	26 May 2025 07:32
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2405

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