Associations of milk feeding practice, milk appetite, and dietary intake with nutritional status among children aged 2-4 in Permata Negara Zon Tengah

Ali, Rasyidah (2019) Associations of milk feeding practice, milk appetite, and dietary intake with nutritional status among children aged 2-4 in Permata Negara Zon Tengah. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Double burden of malnutrition persists to become a critical issue among children under five. Potential contributing factors include dietary contribution. However, studies among children after two years of life are scarce despite many of them are transitioning from infant to a family diet. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the associations of milk feeding practice, milk appetite, and dietary intake with child nutritional status among young children. A cross-sectional study involving 197 children aged 2 to 4 was conducted in PERMATA Negara Zon Tengah. A self-administered questionnaire comprised socio demo graphic characteristics, milk feeding practice, milk appetite, and dietary intake were completed by child's mother. Milk feeding practice included questions on breastfeeding, formula milk, and other milk feeding. Meanwhile, milk appetite was assessed using Baby Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEBQ) that consists of scales from 1 (low) to 5 (highest) for appetite traits (Food Responsiveness, Enjoyment of Food, Satiety Responsiveness, Slowness in Eating, and General Appetite). Dietary intake was assessed using the Semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Weight and height of the children were measured to calculate for weight-for-age (WAZ), height-for-age (HAZ), and BMI-for-age (BAZ) as nutritional status indicators. Majority of the study population were Malay (97.5%), males (56.9%), with a mean population age of 3.3 ± 0.7 years. 9.5% of children experienced underweight and stunting, meanwhile 6.3% faced possible risk to be overweight. Milk intake was the highest in formula milk feeding with 3.07±1.1 frequency times and 185.4±74.4 ml volume daily. Age of introducing complementary feeding was negatively associated with WAZ (r=-0.152, p=0.038), while breastfeeding duration was negatively associated with WAZ (r=-0.201, p=0.007) and HAZ (r=-0.214, p=0.004). Slowness in Eating (mean score=2.3 ±0.8) showed negative associations with WAZ (r=-0.188, p=0.01) and HAZ (r=-0.161, p=0.027). No association was found between sociodemographic characteristics, formula milk, other milk feeding practices other appetite traits, and dietary intake with nutritional status. Dietary factors specifically milk feeding practice and appetite were associated with nutritional status among children. Interventions should focus on parenting education for early milk feeding practices and appetite for healthy growth.

Item Type:	Project Paper
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	04 Dec 2025 04:44
Last Modified:	04 Dec 2025 04:44
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2633

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