Awareness level of drinking water quality, pharmaceutical handling and occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water with its potential human health risk among Putrajaya residents

Mohd Rasid, Maizatul Zahirah (2019) Awareness level of drinking water quality, pharmaceutical handling and occurrence of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water with its potential human health risk among Putrajaya residents. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: The occurrence of pharmaceuticals throughout aquatic environment Introduction: The occurrence of pharmaceuticals throughout aquatic environment such as lakes, river and drinking water sources has been widely discussed and raised questions on potential impact to human health. Objectives: This study assessed levels of knowledge, attitude and practice of drinking water quality and human pharmaceuticals handling involving Putrajaya residents and investigated pharmaceuticals residues occurrence to evaluate the potential human health risks in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Methodology: The study was conducted by distributing questionnaires and collecting drinking water samples from 80 households in Putrajaya. The drinking water samples undergo in-vitro digestion process and were extracted by using solid phase extraction then analysed by Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for the detection of nine selected pharmaceuticals residues (amoxicillin, caffeine, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, dexamethasone, diclofenac, nitrofurazone, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan). The risk quotient (RQ) was calculated to assess the potential health risks. Results: This study determined the knowledge of Putrajaya residents for drinking water quality and human pharmaceuticals handling was poor, the attitude and practice were considered good. Revealed the pharmaceuticals detection in all drinking water sample with the highest concentration of caffeine (0.410 ng/L) followed by triclosan (0.363 ng/L), dexamethasone (0.323 ng/L), ciprofloxacin (0.322 ng/L), amoxicillin (0.311 ng/L), nitrofurazone (0.186 ng/L), chloramphenicol (0.172 ng/L), sulfamethazole (0.165 ng/L) and diclofenac (0.138 ng/L). Results from RQ ratio which are less than 1 (RQ<l) for all pharmaceuticals indicated no appreciable potential health risk from all drinking water samples. Conclusion: This quantitative occurrences of pharmaceutical residues in drinking water can be considered as proactive human health risk assessment and help in water risk management and regulation in Malaysia Keywords: Pharmaceuticals, drinking water, awareness, potential health risk

Item Type:	Project Paper
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	27 Mar 2026 01:53
Last Modified:	27 Mar 2026 01:53
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2779

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