Heavy metals in the tobacco of commercial and do it yourself (DIY) cigarette and its health risk

Ladius, Calvin (2016) Heavy metals in the tobacco of commercial and do it yourself (DIY) cigarette and its health risk. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Heavy metals are one of the toxic element found in tobacco smoke which can accumulate in the body tissues and fluids. Increase of excise tax and price of the commercial cigarette have caused smokers to shift from smoking commercial cigarette to do it yourself (DIY) cigarette. Objective: To determine the concentration and health risk of heavy metals in the tobacco of commercial and DIY cigarette. Methodology: Purposive sampling of 24 tobacco samples (16 commercial and 8 DIY cigarette) selected based on the type, flavor and price. The samples were oven dried (48 hours), grinded and sieved (250um) before analyzed. The prepared samples were analyzed using XRF technique. Results: Commercial cigarette was detected with high Fe (1155.81 ± 212.25 mg/kg) followed by Mn (398.13 ± 84.52 mg/kg), Cu (36.11 ± 9.50 mg/kg), Pb (0.63 ± 0.94 mg/kg), Hg (0.21 ± 0.46 mg/kg) and As (0.03 ± 0.07 mg/kg). Meanwhile, the DIY tobacco was detected with high Zn (79.61 ± 39.27 mg/kg) followed by Cr (40.96 ± 14.73 mg/kg) and Ni (8.13 ± 1.46 mg/kg). Cd was detected with similar range between commercial (0.88 ± 1.67 mg/kg) and DIY cigarette (0.81 ± 1.51 mg/kg). Cr (p=0.001) and Ni (p=0.01) were significantly higher in commercial cigarette. Cu (p=0.02), Fe (p=0.03), Ni (p=0.01) and Pb (p=0.02) were significant higher in expensive cigarette. Cr (p=0.04) was significantly higher in the cigarette with original flavor. Moderate correlation were detected between As-Pb (r=0.57, p=0.004), Cd-Pb (r=0.484, p=0.016), Cr-Mn (r=- 0.491, p=0.015), Cr-Pb (r=-0.433, p=0.034), Cu-Hg (r=0.432, p=0.035), Mn-Ni (Fr=- 0.575, p=0.003), Mn-Pb (r=0.414, p=0.044), and Ni-Pb (r=-0.579, p=0.003). While there was a high correlation detected between Cr-Ni (r=0.845, p=0.00) No risk of non-carcinogenic detected through ingestion and inhalation for all heavy metals. There were significant carcinogenic risk of developing 1 cancer per 1000000 population for Cr (risk=7.38 x 10⁻⁶) and Ni (risk=2.01 x 10⁻⁶ )through ingestion. Conclusion: There were some heavy metals concentration that were found significantly different by types, prices and flavors. There were also some heavy metals concentration that have a significant relationship with other heavy metals. There are no non-carcinogenic risk but there are carcinogenic risk posed by heavy metals in the tobacco of commercial and DIY cigarette. Although there was no significant non-carcinogenic risk, heavy metals were found in the cigarette. Further study is recommended to assess the actual risk of heavy metals exposure in cigarette to the Malaysian population. Keywords: Cigarette, tobacco, heavy metals, health risk

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Mr Muhamad Fazril Awang
Date Deposited:	23 Nov 2022 03:23
Last Modified:	23 Nov 2022 03:23
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/372

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