Association between nitrate exposure in groundwater and its health risk among residents in three different villages in Machang district, Kelantan

NIK YAHAYA, NIK MUHAMAD AZRAIE (2020) Association between nitrate exposure in groundwater and its health risk among residents in three different villages in Machang district, Kelantan. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Nitrate (NO3-) in groundwater originates from natural sources or human-made activities, including agriculture and industries. Anthropological activities can contribute to a substantial increase and may lead to health problems, such as methemoglobinemia. Objective: The purpose of this research was to identify the level of nitrate in groundwater in villages located near paddy fields and to ascertain health risk towards residents. Methodology: This research was carried out in January 2020 involving three villages in Machang district in Kelantan state, located north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 74 respondents were recruited with an equal number of wells studied. Nitrate levels were identified using the Hanna Instrument multi-meter with the nitrate electrode attached. Age, depth of wells and distance from paddy fields were also recorded by using questionnaire. Results: Nitrate levels in groundwater did not exceed the maximum limit of 10 mg/L set by health authorities. It ranged from 0.56 to 6.58 mg/L with a mean ± SD (2.25±1.26 mg/L). Most wells were more than 20 years old (83.78%) and more than 15m deep (44.59%). Distance from paddy fields ranged from 3 – 150 m with a mean ± SD (73.78±38.82 m). However, there was no significant correlation between the characteristics of well (age, depth of well, and distance of wells from paddy fields) and nitrate level in groundwater. Level of nitrate between sampling sites were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The risk is not significant due to nitrate exposure to respondents by ingestion. Hazard Quotient for all residents was less than 1 (HQ < 1), as they were exposed to low levels of nitrate. Keywords: Nitrate, Groundwater, Health Risk, Hazard Quotient, Kelantan

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Mr Hafizzuddin Hamidon
Date Deposited:	12 Apr 2023 07:05
Last Modified:	12 Apr 2023 07:05
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/842

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