Fluoride in drinking water human urine among primary school children in four schools at Mukim Siong, Baling, Kedah

Mohd Khozam, Amirul Rahman (2013) Fluoride in drinking water human urine among primary school children in four schools at Mukim Siong, Baling, Kedah. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: This cross-sectional study was conducted in four primary schools in Mukim Siong, Baling, Kedah. Objective: To determine fluoride levels in drinking water of two types of water supplies and. urinary fluoride levels among schoolchildren in four primary schools in Mukim Siong, Baling, Kedah and their relationship. Methodology: A total of 126 students (61 males, 65 females) aged 12 years old were selected based on predetermined inclusive and exclusive criteria. Fluoride in drinking water and urine were measured by using specific instruments. A set of questionnaire was administered to the study population to determine the socio¬ demographic and criteria needed. Results: The National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) stated a range of 0.4 - 0.6 ppm fluoride as optimal range of fluoride level in drinking water. Drinking water samples that contained fluoride levels higher than optimal range were 12 (9.5%) samples (GFS water=4, Treated water=8). While, 35 (27.8%) drinking water samples (GFS water=21, Treated water=14) were contained fluoride levels within the optimal range and 79 (62.7%) drinking water samples (GFS water=36, Treated water=43) were contained fluoride levels below the optimal range. Normal non-occupationally person have urinary fluoride level range from 0.2 to 3.2 mg/L. Result shows that 124 (99.2%) respondents had urinary fluoride levels within the normal range while only 1 (0.8%) respondent had urinary fluoride level lower than normal range. There was no significant difference between fluoride levels in drinking water for both water supply types (p= 0.673). There was no significant difference in urinary fluoride levels between male and female respondents (p=0.369). This study also found that there was no significant relationships between fluoride in drinking water and urinary fluoride for both water supplies as the fluoride level in drinking water was too low (GFS; p=0.095, Treated; p=0.066). Conclusion: The results suggest that both water supplies should be optimally fluoridated and further investigations on others factors of fluoride exposure, total fluoride excretion, and consequently fluoride retention are needed. Fluoride health effects either chronic or acute also should be regularly monitored. Keywords: Fluoride, Gravity Feed System (GFS), Treated water supplies, Drinking water, Urinary fluoride, genders.

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Mr Muhamad Fazril Awang
Date Deposited:	22 Nov 2022 06:41
Last Modified:	22 Aug 2023 04:23
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/159

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