Health risk assessment of lead exposure in drinking water among residents of Felda Palong, Negeri Sembilan

Zukfali, Nur Zahidah (2012) Health risk assessment of lead exposure in drinking water among residents of Felda Palong, Negeri Sembilan. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Summary: Introduction: Lead in drinking water is a major public health concern. Lead can cause several adverse health effects to human health. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Felda Palong, Negeri Sembilan. Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine the risk of lead exposure in drinking water among residents of Felda Palong, Negeri Sembilan. Method: Sixty (60) respondents were involved in this study after considered some criteria. Water samples were taken from each respondent house (first flushed and fully flushed) and were analysed with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (GFAAS) to determine lead (Pb) concentration. The demographic information, the amount of water consumption and body weights of each respondent was obtained through questionnaires. The health risk level was calculated by Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) and Hazard Index (HI) Result: The mean ± SD of lead concentration in water samples were 3.22 ± 4.9 Ilg/L (first flushed water samples) and 2.02 ± 2.24 Ilg/L (fully flushed water samples. Spearman Rank Order Correlation test showed that is no significant correlation between lead concentrations in fully flushed water samples and pH. Meanwhile, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed there was a significance difference between lead concentration levels of first flush and fully-flush water sample with Z = -2.15 and p value <0.05. Only 10% of first flush water samples were exceeded the upper safe limit of National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ), mainly in Felda Palong 4, 5, 7 and 8. This is possibly due to the using of metal and PYC pipes that containing lead for household water distribution system which caused lead leaching into tap water. Conclusion: As for the health risk level, the hazard index (HI) value shows that the risk of lead in drinking water in FELDA Palong is within an acceptable risk (HI < I). Keywords: Lead level, drinking water, health risk assessment, hazard index, pH level, Felda Palong

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	22 Nov 2022 06:18
Last Modified:	16 Feb 2023 03:31
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/169

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