Mohamad, Nurul Syifaa (2016) Selected heavy metal in toys and its health risk among children: a case study in Selangor, Malaysia. [Project Paper] (Submitted)
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Abstract
Introduction: Heavy metals in toys pose acute and chronic health risks to children. To date, there is no established data that indicates the safety status of toys in Malaysia market. Objective: This study determines the level of selected heavy metals in toys and its health risk to children. Methodology: Sampling was performed between February and March 2016 from various toy shops in Selangor. 42 toys were sampled by types (i.e. physical, intellectual, technical, creative, and social) and materials (i.e. paint, ink, polymer, textile, paper, paperboard, metallic, and plastic). The heavy metals concentration was determined by using High Definition X-ray Fluorescence (HDXRF®) technique (Model 800701-01). The health risk was calculated by using USEPA method. Results: Fifteen (15) heavy metals were detected in this study. Ba (11492.27±36753.53 mg/kg), Mn (467.06±738.22 mg/kg) and Cu (184.16±293.43 mg/kg) were significantly higher in intellectual toys. The intellectual toys were made from metallic materials which contain significantly higher concentration of Cr (432.90±553.69 mg/kg), Pb (171.67±83.11 mg/kg), and Ni (67922.67±117423.01 mg/kg). The intellectual toys were also made from printing inks and paint which contain significantly higher concentration of Cu (574.85±773.79 mg/kg) and Mn (589.83±666.33 mg/kg) respectively. There were positive correlation between Ba and Cr (r = 0.80), Cu (r = 0.56), Hg (r = 0.41), and Mn (r = 0.71). Mn has moderate correlation with Cu (r = 0.61), while Ni has moderate correlation with Cd (r = 0.42). Pb also has moderate correlation with Mn (r = 0.44). Only Ni (1.62x10-2) and Co (3.61x10-3 ) pose carcinogenic health risk through inhalation while Sb (HQ=4.03) and Sn (HQ=7.78) pose non-carcinogenic health risk through accidental ingestion. Other concentration of heavy metals detected in toy samples does not pose carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk among children (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Se, Sr, and Zn). Conclusion: The concentration of heavy metals in toys varied and strongly influenced one another. Children are at high health risk to expose to heavy metals via toys. Keywords: heavy metals, toys, health risk, children
| Item Type: | Project Paper |
|---|---|
| Faculty: | Faculty of Medicine and Health Science |
| Depositing User: | Ms Norafizah Radzuan |
| Date Deposited: | 28 Oct 2024 05:05 |
| Last Modified: | 28 Oct 2024 05:05 |
| URI: | http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2185 |
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