Health risk assessment of lead exposure in drinking water in two villages in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu

Zakariah, Maisarah (2012) Health risk assessment of lead exposure in drinking water in two villages in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Summary: Introduction: This cross-sectional study was done in two villages in Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to determine the risk of lead exposure in drinking water among residents in two villages in Kuala Terengganu. Methods: This study involved 70 respondents. Two water samples were taken from respondent's houses, which were first flushed water that came out from the pipe and fully flushed water which was taken after 3 minutes of flushing. The water samples were preserved using nitric acid and analysed using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (GF AAS) to determine lead concentration in each water sample. Body weight of respondent was measured using Seca Body Weight Scale and questions were asked to the respondents regarding their socio-demographic background, total water daily intake and the type of their house piping system. The information gained was used to calculate the health risk. Data were analysed using SPSS Version 19.0. Results: Only two samples of first flushed water exceeded the standard value of 10 flg/L recommended by National Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) while none of fully flushed water exceeded the NSDWQ. Mean and standard deviation for lead concentration in first flushed water sample was 2.24 ± 3.28 flg/L and fully flushed was 0.55 ± 0.86 flg/L. pH of water samples were ranged from 5.35 to 8.14. Spearman Rank Order Correlation test showed there was no significant relationship between lead concentrations in both water samples and pH. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test showed there was a significance difference between lead concentration levels in first flush and fully-flush water samples (Z = -4.696, P < 0.05). For calculation of health risk to lead exposure in drinking water, the hazard index (HI) was less than 1 which means the risk was acceptable. Conclusion: The concentration of lead was not related to pH of water samples and the lead concentrations in first flushed had a significantly higher than fully flushed water samples. Keywords: Lead, drinking water, first flush water samples, fully flushed water samples, health risk assessment, Kuala Terengganu

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	22 Nov 2022 07:36
Last Modified:	15 Feb 2023 01:27
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/239

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