Risk assessment of fluoride intake in gravity feed system water among residents of Kampung Kuala Pansoon, Hulu Langat, Selangor

Hamdan Murshidi, Muqrizz Aiman (2024) Risk assessment of fluoride intake in gravity feed system water among residents of Kampung Kuala Pansoon, Hulu Langat, Selangor. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

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Abstract

Introduction: Fluoride is a naturally occurring element that can be found in rocks, soils, and water. It is often added to public water supplies to prevent dental caries, or tooth decay. However, excessive fluoride exposure can lead to dental health problems, including dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. Both high and low fluoride exposure due to reliance on natural water sources for drinking purpose is identified as a health concern. The Gravity Feed System built from a small upland stream or river has been used as a natural water supply by certain rural communities without centralized water supplies in Malaysia. Objectives: To determine fluoride concentration in Gravity Feed System water used for drinking purpose by residents of Kampung Kuala Pansoon, Hulu Langat, Selangor and the related health risks associated with fluoride exposure among adult residents that live there. Methodology: A total of 95 respondents were selected in which above 18 years old, have been using the Gravity Feed System water as a drinking water supply, and have been living in Kampung Kuala Pansoon for at least 5 years. A questionnaire was used to determine the residents’ socio-demographics and information on Gravity Feed System water usage. A Handheld Low Range Fluoride Colorimeter and pH meter were used to measure the fluoride concentration and pH level in Gravity Feed System water respectively. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) was assessed, along with key variations in fluoride exposure and the overall probability of non-carcinogenic health effects resulting from fluoride in drinking water, using Hazard Quotient (HQ) approach. Results and Discussion: The present study has shown that GFS water of Kampung Kuala Pansoon had a fluoride concentration fell within the acceptable limit that ranged from 0.07 to 1.30 mg/L and pH level lower than the acceptable limit that ranged from 6.5 to 9. No significant relationship was found between the fluoride concentration and pH level in GFS water in the study area. The HQ for adult residents of Kampung Kuala Pansoon was less than 1 (HQ < 1), which was 0.319. Conclusion: The GFS water supplied to residents of Kampung Kuala Pansoon, Selangor has moderate natural fluoride, which is sufficient for human consumption. In contrast its pH level was slightly acidic, and this requires further investigation to find out factors that influence the pH of water in the study area. The HQ value implies that adult residents in Kampung Kuala Pansoon are unlikely to develop non-carcinogenic health risks associated with fluoride exposure, particularly dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis. Keywords: fluoride, drinking water quality, Gravity Feed System, Hazard Quotient, fluorosis

Item Type:	Project Paper
Subjects:	R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms Norafizah Radzuan
Date Deposited:	30 Apr 2025 01:29
Last Modified:	16 Oct 2025 02:19
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2396

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