Level of fluoride in drinking water and its relationship with urinary fluoride among thirteen year-old school children in a secondary school in Kuala Lumpur

Aminuddin, Faiz Amin and Goh, Soo Ling (2013) Level of fluoride in drinking water and its relationship with urinary fluoride among thirteen year-old school children in a secondary school in Kuala Lumpur. [Project Paper] (Submitted)

Text lp FPSK1 2013 39.pdf Download (21MB)

Abstract

A second year (Package 11) project dissertation. Project paper (Doctor of Medicine (MD)) - Universiti Putra Malaysia, 2013. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the level of fluoride in drinking water and its relationship with urine among thirteen year-old school children in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Aminuddin Bald, Kuala Lumpur. Drinking water and urine samples were collected from respondents for three consecutive days. The level of fluoride in drinking water and urine were analyzed by SPADNS method using the spectrophotometer HACH DR/2500. Questionnaires were administered to obtain the demographic data. A total of 65 respondents were recruited into this study, where 41 were males while 24 were females. Results showed that the mean level of fluoride in drinking water was 0.34 ± SD 0.20 mg L-1and the mean for urinary fluoride was 1.37 ± SD 0.39 mg L-1. The fluoride level in drinking water, 39 (60.0%) samples were underranged, 19 (29.2%) were normal and while 7 (10.8%) were overranged. All urinary fluoride level were within the normal range. Based on the Pearson test, there was no significant relationship between level of fluoride in drinking water and urine (p = 0.694). Independent samples t-test showed that there was no significant difference in urinary fluoride content between males and females (p= 0.082), while one-way ANOVA showed that there was no significant difference in fluoride levels at different sampling locations (P = 0.514). It was concluded that there are other sources of fluoride intake such as foods and beverages and not only specified to fluoridated drinking water. Key word: fluoride, drinking water, urine, school children, Kuala Lumpur

Item Type:	Project Paper
Faculty:	Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Depositing User:	Ms. Adni Syuhaida Zon
Date Deposited:	22 Nov 2022 07:36
Last Modified:	22 Aug 2023 01:21
URI:	http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/240

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