Mekiun, Georgina Karen (2024) Physicochemical assessment and plasmid mediated multi antibiotic resistance bacteria found in the water of Nyabau Waterfall, Bintulu, Sarawak. [Project Paper] (Submitted)
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Abstract
Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop ways to defend themselves against the effects of antibiotics. The potential health impacts associated with antibiotic bacteria in recreational water are getting the most concern nowadays. Nyabau Waterfall, Bintulu is well-known for the recreational activities of the local people during weekends and holidays. Besides, antibiotic-resistant bacteria can spread quickly in aquatic environments among bacteria and associated bacteriophages; thus, they become a major risk to global public health concern and they are difficult to treat. The study aimed to analyse the physicochemical parameters based on the National Water Quality Standard (NWQS) for Malaysia, determine the antibiotic susceptibility of the bacteria, and investigate the plasmid profile of multi-antibiotic resistance (MAR) bacteria. Samples were collected from four sites of the waterfall, plated on Nutrient agar for bacteria isolation, and total colony count. The pure bacteria colonies were analysed for DNA fingerprinting using (GTG)5-PCR, and 16s rRNA sequencing to determine their genetic profiles. The level of antibiotic susceptibility, and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the bacteria isolates were tested against 10 antibiotics (30µg amoxycillin, 30µg ceftaroline, 30µg cefotaxime, 30µg aztreonam, 10µg imipenem, 120µg gentamicin, 30µg nalidixic acid, 25µg trimethoprim, 10µg ampicillin, and 300µg nitrofurantoin). The plasmid profile was analysed using the alkaline lysis technique. Total colony count was ranged between log10 CFU 2.07 ± 0.76 to log10 CFU 3.06 ± 0.72. This study has confirmed the presence of Bacillus sp., Chryseobacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Chromobacterium sp., Microbacterium sp., Enterobacter sp., and Raoultella sp. The bacteria isolates showed resistance against ampicillin (76.19%); however, gentamicin recorded 100% susceptible to all bacteria isolates. 15 bacteria isolates showed MAR more than 0.2, and no plasmid DNA band detected in this study. Hence, it is recommended that communities continuously monitor of antibiotic resistance patterns and be aware of the potential of health risks associated with microorganism in the recreational water.
| Item Type: | Project Paper |
|---|---|
| Subjects: | S Agriculture > SH Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling |
| Faculty: | Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences |
| Depositing User: | Mr. Azman Mohamad |
| Date Deposited: | 19 Nov 2025 07:50 |
| Last Modified: | 19 Nov 2025 07:50 |
| URI: | http://psaspb.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/2419 |
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